Career roadmap
How to Become an Astronomer
The education, training, certifications and steps it takes to start working as an astronomer, plus how long it takes and where the career can lead.
To become an astronomer: (1) earn a physics or astronomy bachelor’s, (2) do research, (3) earn a Ph.D., (4) complete postdocs, (5) get a permanent position. Most people need about 5–7 years after a bachelor’s plus postdocs. BLS lists “doctoral or professional degree” as the typical entry-level education.
5 steps to become an astronomer
Earn a physics or astronomy bachelor’s
Math-heavy.
Do research
REU programs.
Earn a Ph.D.
Research.
Complete postdocs
Several years.
Get a permanent position
Faculty or staff.
Education and training requirements
A Ph.D. in astronomy, astrophysics or physics is typical.
| Typical entry-level education (BLS) | Doctoral or professional degree |
|---|---|
| Related work experience | None |
| On-the-job training | None |
| Typical training time | 5–7 years after a bachelor’s plus postdocs |
Certifications and licenses
- Ph.D.: Typical.
- Postdoctoral fellowships: Common.
- Programming skills: Essential.
- Telescope time awards: Competitive.
Skills to build now
Start with astrophysics, data analysis, and python programming, and practice curiosity and persistence. Learning the astronomer vocabulary early makes training and interviews easier.
Where the career can lead
- Graduate Researcher: Training.
- Postdoctoral Fellow: Research.
- Staff Astronomer or Professor: Permanent role.
- Observatory Director: Lead.
Get a head start
Our self-paced Astronomer training gives you a realistic, practical overview of the job (duties, terminology, step-by-step tasks, safety and interview prep) so you can decide with confidence and show employers you’re serious.
Common questions about getting started
How long does it take to become an astronomer?
Most people need about 5–7 years after a bachelor’s plus postdocs of training. A Ph.D. in astronomy, astrophysics or physics is typical.
Do you need a degree to be an astronomer?
Yes, for most roles. BLS lists a doctoral degree as typical, and research astronomers almost always hold a Ph.D. in astronomy or physics.
What certifications are available for astronomers?
Common credentials include Ph.D., Postdoctoral fellowships, Programming skills, and Telescope time awards. Requirements vary by state and employer.
Sources
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025, SOC 19-2011 (Astronomers).
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Employment Projections, Table 1.2 (2025–35).
- O*NET OnLine summary for Astronomers (U.S. Department of Labor).
- BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.
Reviewed by the Career Education Institute Curriculum Team. Pay figures are national estimates; local pay varies. See our editorial policy.